The Hardest SAT Reading Questions Ever

The Hardest SAT Reading Questions Ever SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you're aiming for a really high SAT score, you'll need to learn how to beat the most difficult questions on every section of the test. Here, I’ll go through a few of the most difficult questions I’ve seen on the SAT Critical Reading section and how to solve them. Why exactly are they so hard? How do you tackle them? How well will you do? Challenge yourself for that top score. Question Type 1: Sentence Completion Sentence completion questions are tough because you can’t always rely on context to answer the question if you don’t know the word.The hardest sentence completion questions include difficult vocabulary in both the sentence itself and the answer choices, so you’re stuck in a Catch-22.If you can’t be sure what the sentence is asking for, you’re going to have a rough time choosing the right word or even guessing it. Here’s a single blank sentence completion question that I think is one of the hardest on the publicly available SAT practice tests: Fred often used ___________ to achieve his professional goals, even though such artful subterfuge alienated his colleagues. A. chicaneryB. diligenceC. bombastD. disputationE. consensus This question includes difficult vocabulary in both the sentence (artful, subterfuge, alienated) and the choices (almost all of them).You can understand from the sentence that the word you’re looking for is a synonym for â€Å"artful subterfuge†, but what does THAT mean? And even if you do know what it means, the words in the answer choices are also pretty high-level; you might know what diligence and consensus mean, but the other three words are more difficult. So how would you solve this question? First, let’s see what we can get from the sentence.Even if you don’t know what â€Å"artful subterfuge† means, it must be something negative because it â€Å"alienated his colleagues†. If you don't know what "alienated" means, you might be able to infer it from breaking down the word: "alienated" has the word "alien" in it, so it looks like it means "to make alien," which is probably not a good thing. You’re looking for an answer choice with a negative connotation.This Fred guy is clearly bad news.You can also infer that â€Å"artful† means something like â€Å"crafty†, or in this case (with the negative connotation), â€Å"underhanded†.You need a word that means a dishonest method of achieving goals. Ok, now we will look at the answer choices. Diligence and consensus are both words you probably know, and neither of them is negative, so you can cross those out. This is where it gets really difficult - the three choices that are left are words you might not know. Disputation sounds like a dispute. That’s pretty negative, but it doesn’t really have anything to do with being tricky or underhanded. Bombast sounds like something that would be loud or big, not artful or tricky, but you might not be sure. Chicanery could be right. It has the same ending as â€Å"trickery†, and it sounds lighter than bombast (in that the word "bomb" is not in it). It seems like we can narrow it down to bombast or chicanery. Chicanery appeared more likely, so A is the answer we’re going to choose (and the right answer!). This question might seem impossible on the test if you don’t know the words, but if you make some smart inferences about the sentence and the meanings of the answer choices, you still have a good shot of answering correctly without knowing any exact definitions. It's not a sure thing (our assumptions about chicanery above were pretty flimsy even if they turned out to be right) (which they did), but you always have a good chance on these questions if you can narrow your answer down to a couple of likely choices. Fred. Now let’s look at a really hard double blank sentence completion question: Favoring economy of expression in writing, the professor urged students toward a _____ rather than an ______ prose style. A. spare...ornateB. terse...opinionatedC. personal...academicD. baroque...embellishedE. repetitive...intricate This isn't as difficult in the vocabulary department, but it has confusing answer choices and sentence phrasing that requires a high-level understanding of expressions. How do we solve this question? We know from the phrase â€Å"rather than† that the two words we use to fill in the blanks must be opposites - that’s important!The professor favors â€Å"economy of expression†, so the first word is going to reflect this type of writing style, while the second will be its opposite. What does â€Å"economy of expression† mean? We can infer from what we know about â€Å"economy† that it probably means something like not being wasteful with words.So the first word should describe an efficient writing style and the second word should describe a more flowery one. Now for the answer choices - I think this is the really hard part of this particular question.You have to remember that both words MUST FIT EXACTLY. First, let’s look at all the first words in the answer choices and see which ones match up with our determination of what the first word must describe.Spare does, terse pretty much does, hmm not sure about baroque, keep that one for now.Personal and repetitive are definitely wrong, so we can cross out choices C and E. It doesn't matter what the second word is if we know the first one is wrong. Let's move on to the second words in choices A, B, and D. A. spare...ornateB. terse...opinionatedC. personal...academicD. baroque...embellishedE. repetitive...intricate Spare and ornate are opposites, so A seems to work pretty well.Terse and opinionated don’t work together, because opinionated is definitely not the opposite of terse, so we can cross out choice B.Baroque and embellished (choice D) is a tough one. Embellished definitely works as the opposite of what the professor wants, but we're still not totally sure what baroque means. So it’s either A or D. At this point, we know that A seems to work, so we should go with that choice even if we are not sure about D.As it turns out, baroque refers to a style characterized by ornate detail (which it to say, not efficient), so A is in fact the correct answer! With this question, we can see how important it is to verify that both parts of a two part answer fit the sentence. Even with very difficult double blank sentence completion questions, if you break down the answers carefully you can arrive at the correct choice. Baroque art: proof that people had way too much free time before the advent of modern technology Question Type 2: Passage-Based Now let’s look at some of the hardest passage-based reading questions. I’ll break them down by category. Author Technique Author technique questions ask about why the author of the passage used a certain emphasis or device in his or her writing.These questions can be very difficult because you need to have a deep understanding of the author’s viewpoint and how different writing techniques work to develop arguments. Here’s one of the most difficult author technique questions I have seen: In lines 27-30, the author uses the word "conventional" several times in order to: A. reveal the performers' frustration with modern theatersB. disparage the present-day treatment of the artsC. parody the creative efforts of contemporary artistsD. emphasize the absurdity of a purely aesthetic approach to the artsE. exaggerate the importance of tradition in the arts The question refers to these lines in the passage: The trend toward preservation is significant not only because it is saving and restoring some superior buildings that are testimonials to the creative achievements of other times, but also because it is bucking the conventional wisdom of the conventional power structure that provides the backing for conventional culture centers to house the arts. I think this question is so difficult because it requires a very specific and nuanced understanding of the author’s goals and technique. It also provides answer choices that are overall pretty confusing. Let’s figure out how to solve it! First, we need to understand the question. Why does the author use the word â€Å"conventional† so many times in this paragraph?What’s the viewpoint she is trying to support? Clearly she is pro-preservation of historic architecture (she describes the buildings that preservation saves as "superior" and "testimonials to the creative achievements of other times", which are both good things), and conventional is being used negatively to describe the systems in place that would dismantle these cultural monuments.She is trying to emphasize how important it is not to allow the â€Å"conventional† ideas, systems, and centers to completely take over the arts. Now let’s look at the answers, remembering to be very picky and specific about eliminating any answers that are even a little bit wrong! Choice A:reveal the performers’ frustration with modern theaters True, the phrasing does convey a certain frustration, but is it used to reveal the performers’ frustration? Is it specifically about modern theaters? Nope. This answer makes itself too specific by mentioning performers and modern theaters, so it’s gotta be wrong. Choice B:disparage the present-day treatment of the arts This seems correct. â€Å"Conventional† is definitely being used as an insult (to â€Å"disparage† something).And it's insulting the attitudes and structures that surround contemporary treatment of the arts in public life. This one’s a winner! Choice C:parody the creative efforts of contemporary artists No, this looks like an irrelevant answer. Contemporary artists are not criticized and certainly not parodied by the repeated use of â€Å"conventional†.There’s no mention of contemporary artists at all! Cross it out! Choice D:emphasize the absurdity of a purely aesthetic approach to the arts Hmm...a â€Å"purely aesthetic approach† would mean an approach that only takes into account outside appearance.The author does seem like she might reject that sort of approach, but make sure you stick to the question. Is that why she repeatedly used â€Å"conventional†? Pure aesthetics isn’t what she's directly criticizing. It’s more the unfeeling bureaucratic mindset (the "power structure") that pervades today’s decisions about public cultural and artistic matters. This answer is slightly off from the author’s point, so it’s not going to work! Choice E:exaggerate the importance of tradition in the arts Again, this does seem like something the author would do - she clearly values cultural history - but is it what she’s actually doing here?In this case, â€Å"conventional† is used repeatedly to put down the current mindset surrounding the arts, not to raise up the author’s point. It’s part of a negative argument, not a positive one. This is an example of a weird type of opposite answer. Choice B is correct! This question was really hard because it gave a few answer choices that made some sort of sense with regards to the author’s viewpoint but that didn’t directly answer the question.This is why you need to always be sure to keep reminding yourself what you are being asked: to avoid just choosing an idea you saw in the passage but that doesn’t answer the specific question. If you think it will help, write down a paraphrased wording of what the question is asking that's easier for you to understand so you can stay focused while you look at the different answer choices. Example of an American cultural monument, am I right? Analogy Analogy questions are also really tough. They require you to make a comparison between something in the passage and something unrelated to the passage that exemplifies a parallel relationship or theme. This means first understanding an abstract concept in the passage and then matching it to one of five other abstract concepts that sound similar. Let’s take a look at one of the hardest analogy questions: The "mystery" discussed in lines 10-13 is most analogous to that encountered in which of the following situations? A. Being unable to locate the source of materials used to construct an ancient palaceB. Being unable to reconcile archaelogical evidence with mythical descriptions of an ancient cityC. Being unable to explain how ancient peoples constructed imposing monuments using only primitive technologyD. Being unable to understand the religious function of a chamber found inside an ancient templeE. Being unable to discover any trace of a civilization repeatedly mentioned by ancient authors Here’s the part of the passage we need to refer to: But finding Machu Picchu was easier than solving the mystery of its place in the rich and powerful Inca empire. The imposing architecture attested to the skill and audacity of the Incas. But who had lived at this isolated site and for what purpose? First, let’s figure out what the question is asking. Which situation in the answer choices is most similar to the â€Å"mystery† described in the passage?So we need to figure out what the mystery is based on the passage. Going from the first sentence, the mystery is the role Machu Picchu played in the Inca empire.We also should note descriptions of Machu Picchu in the passage to make as direct a comparison as possible. We know it had â€Å"imposing architecture† and was â€Å"isolated† but no one knows who lived there or why it existed. Ok, let’s find the most similar answer choice now! Choice A: Being unable to locate the source of materials used to construct an ancient palace The mystery in the passage is about the purpose of Machu Picchu in the context of the Incan Empire.It doesn’t involve any confusion about HOW the city was created.This answer doesn’t fit because the mystery has nothing to do with the origin of Machu Picchu, it has to do with its function. Get rid of it! Choice B:Being unable to reconcile archaeological evidence with mythical descriptions of an ancient city This one doesn't work either. The content doesn't match with the mystery in the passage because there were no mythical descriptions of Machu Picchu. The mystery isn't about any sort of mismatch between the archeological reality of Machu Picchu and how it was described. It's about the fact that its purpose in the Incan empire wasn't described at all. Cross this one out! Choice C:Being unable to explain how ancient peoples constructed imposing monuments using only primitive technology This one is tricky, because the mystery does involve not being able to explain Machu Picchu’s existence.BUT the mystery is not about the logistics of its construction - it’s about the WHY, while this situation is about the HOW. This one is also incorrect! Choice D: Being unable to understand the religious function of a chamber found inside an ancient temple This answer looks promising - it talks about being unable to explain function, and the mystery is the role of Machu Picchu - synonyms!Explaining the religious function of a chamber found inside a temple is analogous to explaining the function of Machu Picchu in the Incan Empire. How does one part function in the context of the whole it belongs to? This answer seems correct. Choice E: Being unable to discover any trace of a civilization repeatedly mentioned by ancient authors This answer again presents a mismatch between evidence and reality (similar to choice B) when no such conflict exists in the mystery of Machu Picchu - there’s simply no evidence at all. Another wrong answer! Choice D is the one we want! Analogy questions like this require you to think at a pretty high level in terms of inferences because you need to make a connection to something totally outside of the passage. However, this doesn’t change the rule about looking for direct evidence for your answers. Notice how in this question we focused on the fact that the mystery was about the role of Machu Picchu.By using this evidence, we were able to find the most direct connection in the answer choices by noting that role and function are synonyms. Machu Picchu - I think I need to go there. Paired Passages Paired passage questions contain some of the most difficult questions on the SAT Critical Reading section because they ask you to look at arguments from different viewpoints and make inferences about the views of passage authors. It's a real mental challenge when these questions ask you to put yourself in someone else's shoes (especially someone whose opinion is different from your own or unfamiliar to you) and then take it one step further and analyze another person's opinion from that viewpoint. Here’s one of the hardest paired passage questions I’ve seen: Based on lines 63-67 ("nobody...sheep"), the author of Passage 2 would most likely appear to the author of Passage 1 as A. a neutral observer of animal behaviorB. well informed concerning research into animal intelligenceC. having a deep fondness for border collies and therefore overestimating themD. having little respect for traditional scientific researchE. having a narrow understanding of what constitutes intelligence Here’s Passage 1: And here are the lines referenced in Passage 2: â€Å"nobody could believe dispassionately in the totality of positive and negative reinforcement after seeing the pure intelligence shining in the face of a border collie intent upon helping a shepherd herd sheep† How should we go about solving this question? This is the type of SAT Critical Reading question where it actually is important to read and absorb the whole passage.We need to have a strong idea of how the author of Passage 1 feels about canine intelligence. From reading the passage, it’s clear that the author of Passage 1 takes a more cynical view of the issue. People are inclined to believe that dogs are intelligent because we are always around them and they are good companions, but this has no basis in scientific fact. What does this mean about the author of Passage 1’s opinions on the author of Passage 2 based on the quote? Well, it seems like he or she would probably think the author of Passage 2 was naive and falling into the trap of wishful thinking.The quote cites unscientific, emotional evidence of the intelligence of a particular dog breed. Ok, now let’s look at our choices! Choice A:a neutral observer of animal behavior Hmm no, I don’t think so. This is almost an opposite answer. Clearly the author of Passage 2 is biased towards believing dogs are intelligent. There's no way the author of Passage 1 would think of her as a neutral observer based on her statement about border collies. Cross it out! Choice B:well informed concerning research into animal intelligence Nothing in the quote says anything about research, so it wouldn’t make sense for the author of Passage 1 to consider the author of Passage 2 well informed about animal intelligence research based on the excerpt. This is definitely an irrelevant answer - get rid of it! Choice C:having a deep fondness for border collies and therefore overestimating them Hmm, this seems possible. The author's point in Passage 1 was that people’s emotional attachment to dogs causes them to overestimate their intelligence. In Passage 2, the author is clearly citing her own positively biased observations of border collies as evidence of their intelligence. The author of Passage 1 would definitely think she was overestimating border collies because of how much she likes them. This answer makes sense. Choice D:having little respect for traditional scientific research This one isn't going to work - it makes too many assumptions. The quote doesn’t indicate anything about the author of Passage 2’s feelings towards scientific research.There’s no reason the author of Passage 1 would make this specific judgment based on the excerpt. This is a pretty tricky answer choice. It would make some degree of sense for the author of Passage 1 to believe this about the author of Passage 2 since she's citing anecdotal evidence rather than scientific facts to back up her point about border collies. However, this answer is too nonspecific to be correct. There's nothing that directly points to the fact that the author of Passage 2 doesn't respect traditional scientific research. She certainly does respect her own (perhaps biased) judgments that aren't based in science, but that doesn't mean that she looks down on real scientific research. Eliminate it! Choice E:having a narrow understanding of what constitutes intelligence If anything, the author of Passage 2 adopts a wider understanding of animal intelligence than the author of Passage 1 because she entertains the notion that dogs are more intelligent than scientists believe.There’s no reason why the excerpt would cause the author of Passage 1 to believe the author of Passage 2 had a narrow understanding of intelligence. This one’s wrong too! Choice C is correct! I thought this question was particularly tricky because it asked you to do some high-level inference work and provided a correct answer that might at first have seemed too specific. It also gave some other answer choices that appeared plausible but didn't fit with any evidence in the quote from Passage 2. In these types of questions, it’s important not to doubt yourself and to use process of elimination very strictly. Even if you're being asked to infer something about one passage author from the point of view of another, your inference will still be based on direct evidence from the passages. In related news, border collies are too cute to handle. Review The most difficult sentence completion questions on SAT Critical Reading will expect you to understand high-level vocabulary in both the sentence itself and the answer choices. Even if you don’t know specific definitions of all the words, process of elimination can help you get down to one or two answer choices.Remember to look for connotation in the sentence and note relationships between words and phrases so you know exactly what you’re looking for. The most difficult passage-based questions on SAT Critical Reading will ask you to understand and compare abstract concepts and points of view. It's important to always be clear on what the question is asking first.Some choices might be relevant to information in the passage without being a direct answer to the question. Above all, BE PICKY. The hardest questions are relying on your inability to eliminate slightly incorrect answers.If you can’t find direct evidence for a choice, you have to get rid of it. Even the hardest Critical Reading questions can be answered confidently with enough practice! What's Next? Want more tips on how to master the SAT Critical Reading section? Check out our article on how to get an 800! Also, take a look at these articles for more tips if you're still struggling with running out or time or reading the passageson for Critical Reading. Finally, here are six strategies you can use to improve your score.Take a practice test to get started! Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this Reading lesson, you'll love our program.Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands ofpractice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial:

Financial system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Financial system - Essay Example Financial instruments are paper documents. Yet just as a surgeon uses instruments as financial instruments to undertake crucial exchanges of financial resources. They also can use financial instruments to help reduce the risks of financial loss. There are two basic ways to categorise financial markets. One, which distinguishes between primary or secondary markets, separates types of financial markets depending upon whether or not they are markets for newly issued instruments. The other, which distinguishes between capital and money markets, defines financial markets on the basis of the instrument maturities. The maturity of an instrument is the time ranging from the date of issue until final principal and interest payments are due to the holders of the instruments. Maturities of less than a year are short-term maturities, while maturities in excess of ten years are long-term maturities. Maturities ranging from one to ten years are intermediate-term maturities. Institutions that serve as the middlemen in this process of financing are financial intermediaries. These intermediaries exist solely to take the funds of savers and redistribute those funds to the ultimate borrowers. When individual savers allocate some of their saving to a business by purchasing a corporate bond, they effectively make a direct loan to the business. That is, they assist in the direct finance of the capital investment that the business desires to undertake. But the process of financing such endeavours is not always so direct. Consider, for instance, what may happen if the server also purchases a long-term time deposit issue by a banking firm. The bank, turn, may use these funds, together with those of other deposit holders to buy corporate bonds issued by the same business. In this instance, the saver has indirectly financed business capital investment. The bank, in turn, has intermediated the financing of the investment. There are two types of finance Direct finance Indirect finance In the case of direct finance, a financial intermediary such as a bank plays no role. A saver lends directly to parties who undertake investment. Under indirect finance, however, some other institution channels the funds of savers to those who wish to make capital investments. This latter process of indirect finance, which is the most common way in which funds are channelled from saving to investment, is financial intermediation. There are two groups, which comprise market: 1) Involved: These are the people who are the market participants of economic theory. They have all the knowledge regarding financial assets portfolio. 2) Uninvolved: these are the people with limited knowledge. The usually don't have information about the nature of financial claims and fair market value. The financial intermediaries help these people by providing services in shape of information. By investing on their behalf. This reduced the perceived cost of transaction due to the lack of information. Most of the household consumers partly participate in the market. (Allen & Santomero, 1998). Benefits of

Optimisation of Web Protocols and Services Research Proposal

Optimisation of Web Protocols and Services - Research Proposal Example Like many improved efficiencies in the business environment, optimisation of Voice-over-Internet Protocol (VOIP) technology by utilising Intelligent Energy Aware Networks in order to reduce carbon footprint can be achieved both quantitatively and non-quantitatively. The best way to optimise the quantitative function of cost efficiencies remains through Activity-Based Costing (ABC). ABC has become a prevalent cost method for many manufacturing and production industries since its inception. In addition, it has gained exposure in the service industry over the last decade. (Kocakulah, Mehmet, Diekmann, 2005, 10) Despite popular opinion, service companies are ideal candidates for ABC due to their minimal amount of direct materials. They maintain a high level of fixed costs based on personnel who supply indirect support to products and consumers. Fortunately, cost efficiencies from VoIP implementation apply to both manufacturing and service organisations. Hence, this study involves the eff ectiveness of innovation of the existing internet protocols and creation of the brand new protocol or service system for internet. Non-quantitative attributes are harder to measure than quantitative. As a result, they tend to provide confusing conclusions. Improvements not significantly increasing companies bottom-line are viewed as a poor investment decision when in fact they may improve efficiency. Such capital expenditures are best measured with a scorecard approach which reflects "cause and effect" relationships. (Travis, 2004, 137) Perhaps the easiest sell for VoIP systems remains their ability to save corporations money. Unlike many of VoIP's benefits, cost savings is quantitative in nature. There are several ways in which cost savings occurs. Most savings stems from the ability of offices geographically located in different states or countries to communicate with one another without incurring long-distance fees. This benefit occurs because traditional circuit switches do not carry the electronic signal. Instead, the signal travels through a web based connection and is reassembled at the termination point. Electronic signals travel over the web free of charge the same way e-mail is delivered. Since VoIP is classified as information or data service as opposed to communication service, no charge is incurred. Statement of the problem Achievement of optimisation of VoIP technology can reduce carbon footprints and improve business environment. Research Questions The study is meant to answer following research questions. Q1. How to establish an effective process to calculate the overall cost of the current PBX network and compare to the expense of optimising a VoIP networ

The Pearl by John Steinbeck

The Pearl by John Steinbeck This is a small village where Kino and his family as well as relatives live in. The people living in this village have similar houses as Kinos house. The reader can tell that the people living in this village are also very poor and therefore are probably uneducated. Furthermore, this village serves as a contrast to the town that the rich people live in. Since the people are poor and uneducated, the rich people will be able to take advantage of them easily. The setting contributes to the theme of the social class since it demonstrated the inequality between the rich and the poor. Since Kino is very poor, so when he discovers the pearl, people should feel happy for him, right? It is not this case in this novel. People want to steal the pearl even though they are already very rich. Thus, this setting clearly helps to demonstrate the tendency of human beings to be greedy and cruel even to those who have already suffered for a long period of time. Gray stone mountain: A mountain north of La Paz where Kino and his family run to in order to escape from the trackers. The mountain is very high, and there is a spring and a shallow cave on the top where Kinos family hide in. Since all animals seek to go to the high place when they are hunted or pursued, the mountain gives the readers a sense of what it is like when hunting and being hunted. The setting itself also creates a suspenseful and tense mood when the novel is at its climax. 6. Plot outline (brief): Kino, Juana, and their baby Coyotito live in a humble brush house by the sea in the village of La Paz. On one morning, a scorpion stings Coyotito. Kino and Juana then rush him to the doctor in the town nearby. When they arrive at the front of the doctors house, they are rejected by the doctors servant because they cannot afford the medication fee. Kino then decides to dive into the ocean and look for pearls so he can pay the doctor money. Later, Kino finds the largest pearl that has ever existed on Earth. After hearing about Kinos discovery, the doctor comes to Kinos house and cures Coyotito toward the evening. Before going to bed, Kino hides the pearl under his sleeping mat. Later in the night, he is awakened by an intruder looking for the pearl inside his house. A violent struggle follows, and Kino is injured during the fight. The next morning, Kino and Juana goes to town to sell the pearl. After realizing that the pearl dealers are trying to cheat on him, Kino decides to sell the pearl in the capital instead. In the middle of that night, a group of men attacks Kino again in an attempt to steal the pearl. During the fight, Kino accidently kills one of the men. Kino and Juana then decide to flee. After they find out that Kinos canoe is destroyed and their house is burnt, Kinos family hides in Juan Tomass house until night comes. At night, Kino, Juana, and Coyotito leave for the capital. They rest after a long journey and are about to continue again when Kino finds out that three trackers are following them. Kino decides that they must go up the gray stone mountain and attempts to mislead the trackers by creating false trails. After they find a cave at the top of the mountain, Kinos family decide to hide inside of it and wait for a chance to escape. Slowly, the trackers make their way to the top of the mountain. The trackers are preparing to sleep when Kino decides that he must attack them before the moon rises so he will not be seen. A s Kino prepares to attack, Coyotito lets out a gentle scream, waking the trackers. Then, one of trackers fires his rifle at the cave Juana and Coyotito are in. The moment he fired, however, Kino attacks and quickly kills all of the trackers. Later, Kino finds out Coyotito has been shot. The next day, Kino and Juana travel back to their town. They walk to the ocean as the townspeople watch in silent enthrallment. At the shore, Kino takes out the great pearl and tosses it back into the ocean with all his might. 7. Major themes of the work: Wealth brings trouble and causes the loss of innocence Kino transforms from a happy, contented man to a greedy savage criminal after he finds the pearl Wealth causes ambition and greed, which destroy mankinds innocence Greed transforms the pearl from a symbol of good luck and hope to a symbol of destruction Kinos greediness leads him to act violently toward Juana and eventually to his sons death People become jealous and want to obtain Kinos newfound pearl in both legal and illegal ways The greed and jealousy of all the people destroy the peace and happiness that Kino has known Steinbeck points out that human beings have a tendency to be jealous of other people. Most people are envious of the wealth of others, and many will try to take a portion of that wealth by using any method. Therefore, it is very important for us to not to be too greedy and ambitious. The roles of fate (destiny) and luck Forces beyond human control (like fate and destiny) can completely change an individuals life either for the better or the worse at any moment Kino and Juanas lives are changed when the scorpion (symbol of wicked fate) bites Coyotito Their lives then change again when Kino discovers the pearl (symbol of beneficial fate) Even though Steinbeck points out that fate and other forces do play a role in shaping human life, he also suggests that it is not fate, but human emotions and desires in the forms of jealousy and greed that ultimately leads to the novels devastating tragic ending. Cruelty of Humanity and the Social Classes The doctor cruelly refuses to treat Coyotito since Kino does not have money The pearl buyers try to cheat on the ignorant Kino so that they can make more money The trackers and other unknown invaders are willing to kill Kino in order to become wealthy The poverty and lack of education prevents the lower-class from enjoying the benefits of the higher-class The upper-class members take advantage of the lower-class because they are more educated In showing how the pearl affects other people, Steinbeck points out that most people have a cruel nature. We might do harm to others in order to achieve our own personal goals. Furthermore, Steinbeck also points out that there is an inequality between the higher-class and the lower-class, since the better educated higher-class will always take advantage of the uneducated lower-class. 8. Symbols in the book: The Pearl The pearl constantly appears throughout the novel. When the pearl is first discovered in Chapter 2, it represents possibility, good luck, and a symbol of divine assistance. Kinos discovery of the pearl fills him with hope for a better-quality life. It seems to be an event that serves as a relief to the disaster of the scorpion bite. Once the town learns about the pearl (Chapters 3-6), however, the pearl begins to make everyone to become greedy. The pearl becomes less symbolic of all the good things that it represents and now symbolizes greed, ambition, desires, and cruelty. Juana and Juan Tomas also begin to see the pearl as a dangerous threat. Kino begins to dedicate all his efforts and possessions to protecting the pearl toward the end of the novel. The pearl therefore comes to symbolize the destructive nature of greediness. The scorpion The scorpion that stings Coyotito in Chapter 1 represents evil and the annihilation of innocence and purity. Even though the scorpion only appears once in the novel, the process of the destruction of innocence that it represents occurs constantly throughout the plot. For instance, Kinos innocence is destroyed by his ambition and greed, and the colonists destroyed native peoples beliefs and traditional ways of life. Kinos canoe Kinos canoe represents his pride, a means of making a living, and his connection to his cultural tradition. The canoe appears twice throughout the story. The first time is when Kino uses it to find the pearl. Kinos races culture is deeply spiritual, so it is important that Kino uses his canoe to discover the pearl, which is granted by a heavenly power that has nothing to do with human behaviors or actions. The second time it appears is when Kino attempts to escape by using the canoe. However, he finds it already destroyed. This is very important because Kinos ownership of the pearl leads directly to the destruction of his canoe, and this is an event that symbolizes how Kinos greediness and ambition have destroyed his traditional way of life. 9. Other significant imagery: The stars still shone and the day had drawn only a pale wash of light in the lower time, and the early pigs were already beginning their ceaseless turning of twigs and bits of wood to see whether anything to eat had been overlooked. Outside the brush house in the tuna clump, a covey of little birds chattered and flurried with their wings. ~ Chapter 1, page 5 Steinbeck portrays the natural world as a kingdom that reflects the human world. This imagery mirrors the natures peaceful innocence the same innocence that Kino has at the beginning of the novel. However, hiding inside that innocence is the tendency to be greedy. The pigs in this quote are greedy in a sense that they are trying to find anything that they can possibly find to eat. The gray oysters with ruffles like skirts on the shells, the barnacle-crusted oysters with little bits of weed clinging to the skirts and small crabs climbing over them. An accident could happen to these oysters, a grain of sand could lie in the folds of muscle and irritate the flesh until in self-protection the flesh coated the grain with a layer of smooth cement. But once started, the flesh continued to coat the foreign body until it fell free in some tidal flurry or until the oyster was destroyed. Swarms of fish lived near the bed to live near the oysters thrown back by the searching men and to nibble at the shining inner shells. ~ Chapter 6, page 85 The descriptions of the sea emphasize the fact that life is a struggle for existence in which only the strongest will be able to survive. The fish can only eat what the men left behind. So if the food is not enough for them, they will die. This struggle can be seen in the conflicts between natives of Kinos race against the oppressive colonists. Also, this quote suggests that oysters must die in order for a pearl to form. Again, Steinbeck points out that every time something is gained, another thing is lost. Kino, with his newfound pearl, has lost his innocence. Beside this tiny stream, wherever enough earth collected for root-hold, colonies of plants grew, wild grape and little palms, maidenhair fern, hibiscus, and tall pampas grass with feathery rods raised above the spike leaves. And in the pool lived frogs and waterskaters, and waterworms crawled on the bottom of the pool. Everything that loved water came to these few shallow places. The cats took their prey there, and strewed feathers and lapped water through their bloody teeth. The little pools were places of life because of the water, and places of killing because of the water, too. ~ Chapter 6, page 85 This imagery suggests that there are two sides to almost everything. The pool is a place of birth for plants and other animals. However, it is also a place of death since predators look for prey here. Steinbeck also applies this principle to the pearl as well. Kino is able to afford the doctor and have his son cured because of the pearl. However, his son ultimately died because of the pearl, too. 10. Significance of title of work: The title of the novel is very symbolic and represents the themes of the story. The way the pearl is described throughout the novel reflects the changes that Kino, the main protagonist, goes through. At first, the pearl is a simple and gorgeous object of nature. Once it becomes intertwined with ideas of material value, greed, and desire, however, it becomes dangerous and destructive. The pearl is an item of natural splendor and goodness that draws out the wickedness innate in men. 11. Authors techniques that are important to this work: One of the special techniques that Steinbeck used in this novel is the way he makes all the characters to seem very realistic. In order to develop the characters that he was creating, John Steinbeck studied the culture, traditions, and the thinking of ancient races like those depicted in the novel. As a result, the novel and its characters are very realistic and believable to the readers. For example: Beware of that kind of tree there, he said, pointing. Do not touch it, for if you do and then touch your eyes, it will blind you. And beware of the tree that bleeds. See, that one over there. For if you break it the red blood will flow from it, and it is evil luck.' ~ Chapter 6, page 76 In this quote, we can clearly learn what Kinos cultures traditions are and what the people of his race think and believe in. One thing we can tell just by looking from this example is that Kinos race thinks that if a tree bleeds, then it is bad luck. This shows us that they are superstitious and might believe in some kind of religion.

Catholicism in Quebec and the Quiet Revolution Essay

Montreal is Quebec’s largest city, has always been renowned for its many churches and basilicas, earning it the nickname la ville aux cents clochers. Mark Twain once said â€Å"This is the first time I was ever in a city [Montreal] where you couldn’t throw a brick without breaking a church window†. Today, it is better known for the diversity of its people and its culture painted streets, such as the Quartier Latin and the booming Quartier des spectacles. The city is home to over a hundred and twenty cultural communities and seventy-five languages; seemingly fitting since well over a quarter of the population was born abroad. In the June 2008 issue of Monocle, a London based magazine, Montreal was dubbed â€Å"Canada’s Culture Capital†. It seems hard to imagine that the Catholic Church had a monopoly over not only Montreal but the entire province of Quebec simply half a century ago. How did a land founded and built on Catholicism become a place renow ned for its cultural diversity? This essay will explore how the Catholic faith’s image developed in Quebec after the Second World War, touching the province’s strong religious foundation, the Church’s control of the education and medical systems, and how the Quiet revolution paved the way for the prosperity of the French language and the multicultural land we have today. Jacques Cartier officially claimed Quebec in the name of the King of France in 1534, bringing the first sign of Christianity by putting up a cross in Gaspà © that is still visible to this day. The farm, family, faith and language were until recently stereotypical symbols for the Quebecois, but gradually became symbols of French settlers instead. However, these hadn’t always been symbols of the colonists; farming and permanent families were not part of the mindset of the early colony. Samuel de Champlain first met with the Algonquin people on his exploration journey in 1603 and the two parties were quick to form an alliance. The French and Algonquin began trading firearms for furs to keep warm throughout the winter but were mainly sent to be sold in France. During the long alliance with the Algonquin people many Jesuits, members of the Society of Jesus, a Christian male religious order of the Roman Catholic Church, sought to evangelize and convert the aboriginal people. This created a bitter divide between the traditional practitioners of Midewiwin and the Catholic converts. Champlain returned in 1608 to create a settlement in what is now Quebec City, however at the time the French were interested in trading, fishing cod fish and later hunting beaver. This lifestyle made it difficult to attract potential colonists, and upon Champlain’s death in 1635 there were only 300 settlers in New France. King Louis XIV began encouraging members of his military to remai n and settle in New France after discharge, and also hiring young laborers to work in the colony then encouraging them to stay as well. The recruitment efforts of the King of France resulted in a 2:1 male to female ratio, thus he supported les filles du roi, a plan where poor women without a dowry migrated to New France to be married and bear children. By 1681, the marriages and families of these women grew the population to 10 000. These 10 000 French settlers would produce most of the francophone population of Canada (Phan, 292). Once King Louis XV signed the Treaty of Paris, handing over the French territories to the English, the French military, upper-class and business elite all returned to France. The abandoned settlers turned to the Roman Catholic Church as the clergy begun opening schools and hospitals. The French colony of Quebec wanted to avoid an American influenced political policy which stood for Protestantism, republicanism and war, as well as severing its ties with France following the Treaty of Paris and the French Revolution’s religious prosecutions. The colony then adapted policies of the Church, associating the land with the Vatican instead. The Church system worked well for the prosperity of the people at the time, but later Pope’s decisions would eventually lead to the downfall of faith in Quebec. The early 19th to mid-20th centuries saw the farm, family, faith and language become the sacramental lifestyle of the Quebecois. At the end of the 19th century in Rome, Pope Leo XIII called for a renewal of ecclesial studies to modernise the Church’s lessons to aid in the application against the challenges of the new world. Reform-minded scholars were thus encouraged to explore and revise the conventional positions of the church and were given much elbowroom until the Pope’s death in 1903. His successor, Pope Pius X, had a much different approach. In 1907 the Pope published Pascendi Dominici Gregis, a letter condemning modernism as the synthesis of all heresies (Jodock, 56). The Vatican began enforcing anti-modernism, which set the stage for what would later be the Quiet revolution. `The period leading up to the 1960s was one through which the province had long been undergoing a process of industrialization and urbanization that had dated back to the latter part of the nineteenth century. Various transformations had been taking place, making it no surprise that the Quebec Liberal Party (QLP) was able to dethrone the Union Nationale (UN) as leaders of provincial government. During the 1940s and 1950s, the image most frequently associated with Quebec’s French-Canadian people was that of a church-ridden, agricultural society outside the mainstream of the urban-industrial North American way of life. Although the Catholic Church is credited for the preservation of the French language and culture, the Western world had moved its interest away from the large families and agriculture supported by the Church. This seemingly outdated view of Quebec as a society gave politicians a clear view on what to campaign for. Jean Lesage of the QLP was able to garner over 50% of the popular vote and gain 51 seats to defeat the UN, ending a 16 year run for that party in Quebec. The province was about to come out of the period known as â€Å"la grande noirceur†, due to the scandal and corruption that the Union Nationale leader used to remain in power, and to enter a new era that Quebec still finds itself in at this very moment. The Quebecois expected change and Lesage was to come through for them. As the former provincial government had been supported by the Catholic Church, he had started what seemed to be a secularization process that coincided with the status of religion in Quebec at that time. Between the years 1961 and 1971, religious practice in Montreal fell from 61 percent of the population to 30 percent, and only 14 percent among people aged 16-24. The low number of young Catholics raised many concerns for the Church as to wear they would find future replacements for its aging clergy (Gauvreau). The emergence of lay Quebec organizations that defined nationalism in terms of language and political independence instead of religion also hastened a loss of confidence in the church. Not the least of significant markers in the 1960s was the bishops’ decision to dismantle Catholic Action itself. The entire process resulted in a de-Christianization that most defined carefully as not the decline of private belief, but as the rapid loss of a Catholic public identity. Jean-Paul Desbiens wrote a letter under the name Brother Anonymous criticizing the education system, stating the importance of the involvement and control of the provincial government over such services. The characterization of Quebec citizens as a religious people was outdated and the following period gave birth to a new identity for the Quebecois to latch on to. The Premier began this procedure by having the province take control of education by first establishing the Department of Youth (which became the Ministry of Education in 1964) and provided free education up through high school. Lesage would then go on to make schooling up until the age of 16 mandatory with the belief that educating the youth would lead them to become the successful leaders of tomorrow, replacing the Anglophones who were in control of most of Quebec’s businesses at the time. Continuing the reform, he increased government control over the healthcare system, by implementing a hospital insurance plan in 1961 (a prequel to Quebec’s version of a universal healthcare plan in 1972). These two essential institutions, which had been the responsibility of the Catholic Church ever since the birth of New France, were now primarily in the hands of the provincial government, giving substantiation for the many that now believed Quebec was a secular society. In Conclusion, a land founded and built on Catholicism became a place renowned for its cultural diversity after the anti-modernisation of the Church forced the Quebecois to break free from its monopoly over the province. After exploring how the Catholic faith’s image developed in Quebec, it is made evident that the stereotypical symbols of the 19th century Quebecois had to be shaken in the 20th century in order for them to prosper in the 21st century. Works Cited: Tentler, Leslie W. and Kevin Christiano. The Church Confronts Modernity: Catholicism since 1950 in the United States, Ireland, and Quebec. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America, 2007. Print. 19-90 Jodock, Darrell. Catholicism Contending with Modernity: Roman Catholic Modernism and Anti-modernism in Historical Context. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge UP, 2000. Print. Van, Die Marguerite. Religion and Public Life in Canada: Historical and Comparative Perspectives. Toronto: University of Toronto, 2001. Print. Phan, Peter C. Ethnicity, Nationality and Religious Experience. Lanham, MD: University of America, 1995. Print. Gauvreau, Michael. The churches and social order in nineteeth- and twentieth-century Canada. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2006. Print. Baum, Gregory and Michael Gauvreau. The Catholic Origins of Quebec’s Quiet Revolution, 1931-1970. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2005. Print.

The Matrix An American Australian Science Fiction Film

The Matrix was made in 1999, is an American-Australian science fiction movie that was written and directed by The Wachowskis. The movie was made to portray a not so good future where humans actually see it as a simulated reality. The Matrix was created by a sentimental machine that would reduce the human population while the body heats heat and electricity are used as an energy source. Computer programmer Neo, learns the truth and is drawn into a rebellion against the machines, involves other humans who have been freed from the so called dream world. The matrix is known for promoting a visual effect of what is known as â€Å"bullet time†. The Matrix opens with a shot of a computer screen, where a phone call is being traced and the viewers can overhear the voices on the phone lines talking about whether or not they have found ‘the one’. Trinity is known as an infamous hacker who is surrounded by police in an abandoned hotel. 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The World Becomes More Globalized And The Internet

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